Secondo il decreto ministeriale n.145 del 1998, che per primo lo ha introdotto nel nostro paese, lo stage è la fase pratica della formazione individuale e quindi non consiste in un rapporto di lavoro.
La sua finalità è “realizzare momenti di alternanza tra studio e lavoro nell’ambito dei processi formativi e di agevolare le scelte professionali mediante la conoscenza diretta del mondo del lavoro”. Sono quasi passati dieci anni, e lo stage è considerato parte integrante di ogni percorso accademico (l’attuale ministro dell’università Fabio Mussi ha anche promesso che potenzierà il sistema di tirocini); inoltre, lo stage è diventato lo strumento più diffuso per trovare lavoro, visto che le aziende lo utilizzano come periodo di prova anche per i neolaureati o per i trentenni in cerca di occupazione.
Tre, sei o nove mesi di lavoro in un azienda possono essere certamente una risorsa da non sprecare a vent’anni: si prende contatto con l’ambiente lavorativo di interesse, si svolge qualche mansione all’interno di un progetto e si mettono in pratica le proprie conoscenza teoriche. Durante il periodo di studio, avere nel curriculum già un’esperienza di lavoro può portare dei vantaggi. Se poi si riesce a trovare uno stage all’estero, unire la pratica alla conoscenza della lingua può essere una mossa vincente. Grande opportunità, direte voi a questo punto. Purtroppo non è (spesso) così. Lo stage all’italiana si è rivelato un sistema imperfetto perché troppo sbilanciato dalla parte dell’azienda, che sfrutta questo rapporto non formale per inserire a rotazione nel suo organico giovani “a tempo”, con la certezza di non assumerli mai. L’aspetto retributivo è inoltre carente o inesistente: ai più fortunati tocca un rimborso spese irrisorio (poche centinaia di euro al mese), ai più sfortunati i buoni pasto (a qualcuno manco quelli). Lavorare gratis otto ore al giorno per sei mesi, sapendo di non essere assunti, è frustrante. Alle aziende offrire uno stage conviene, perché il risparmio è considerevole (visto anche l’alto costo del lavoro in Italia); allo studente conviene accettare, perché “fa curriculum” e serve per conseguire i crediti universitari utili al conseguimento della laurea.
Il problema è che lo stage conviene anche al trentenne laureato disoccupato: se l’azienda promette un inserimento attraverso lo stage, e lo stage è l’unica possibilità per sperare di essere poi assunti non si può rifiutare. Tanto più che c’è un numero molto alto di persone disposte a farlo, per cui non è difficile trovare qualcun altro.
La Gidp, gruppo intersettoriale direttori del personale, e Job Pilot (consulenza e offerte nel mondo del lavoro) hanno raccolto e elaborato alcuni dati per valutare l’andamento degli stage, considerando un campione significativo così ripartito: 48% aziende italiane, 42% multinazionali, 7% familiare, 2% pubbliche. Le aziende più disponibili ad accogliere gli stagisti sono quelle del commercio, dei crediti e dei servizi, che attivano soprattutto stage brevi da uno a tre mesi, spesso nei periodi estivi o di sovraccarico di lavoro. La maggior parte degli stage riguarda le risorse umane (20%) e l’area commerciale e marketing (19%); segue la finanza (17%), la produzione (12%), poi ricerca e sviluppo, information technology, amministrazione e controllo, ambito legale.
Nel campione considerato la remunerazione (che non è comunque obbligatoria) va da zero ad un massimo di 1000 euro. I laureati dell’area scientifica vengono trattati generalmente meglio: guadagnano, mediamente, 80 euro al mese in più rispetto agli stagisti di materie umanistiche. Le assunzioni restano il punto dolente. I più fortunati sono gli stagisti dell’ambito chimico-farmaceutico: circa uno su tre intraprende un rapporto di lavoro. Per il resto, solo il 17% degli stagisti al commercio, servizi e credito, viene assunto; negli altri settori i dati scendono ancor di più.
Come uscire da questa empasse? Il buon senso suggerisce di limitare lo stage solo ed esclusivamente al periodo universitario, e utilizzare per i neolaureati il sistema della “settimana di prova”, già in vigore in altri paesi europei. All’estero la settimana di prova è regolarmente retribuita per legge: il lavoratore viene provato e alla fine sa se verrà confermato oppure no. Così facendo le aziende non possono sfruttare più di tanto le settimane di prova, ma tenderanno a cercare qualcuno da assumere: il costo è lo stesso, e per coprire un mese avrebbero bisogno minimo di 4 lavoratori in prova.
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